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Three-member panels of the Discipline Committee conduct public hearings into cases of alleged incompetence or professional misconduct. Panels are composed of elected and appointed Council members. The certificate of a member found to be incompetent or guilty of professional misconduct may be revoked, suspended, and/or made subject to terms, conditions or limitations. In findings of professional misconduct, the committee may also reprimand, admonish or counsel the member, impose a fine, and order the member to pay costs.
Summaries of recent disciplinary cases are published on the following pages. Copies of the full decisions are available at oct.ca → Members → Complaints and Discipline → Decisions.
The College publishes professional advisories, available at oct-oeeo.ca/ advisories, which are intended to inform members’ professional judgment and practice. For more information about the Ethical Standards for the Teaching Profession, please visit oct-oeeo.ca/ethical.
Member: Not identified
Decision: Counseling and conditions
A Discipline Committee panel ordered a former teacher of the Halton District School Board to be counselled for exhibiting a lack of respect for his students in both the language he used and his manner, demonstrating intolerance of his students’ requests and failing to demonstrate care, commitment or respect for students with special needs. For example, the panel heard that, in the fall of 2008, the member:
The member resigned from his teaching position with the board in October 2008.
The member, who was certified to teach in June 2007, represented himself. He attended the public hearings on November 30 and December 1, 2010, February 15, 22 and August 24, 2011, and January 17, 2013.
The panel found the member, who had taught for less than one year, guilty of professional misconduct and ordered him to be counselled by the panel. Part of this counselling will include a strong recommendation that the member show an improved willingness to seek out and accept constructive criticism from leaders and experienced colleagues in education.
It also directed him to successfully complete, at his own expense, a pre-approved course on classroom management, with particular emphasis on the use of appropriate language in the classroom environment.
Member: Unidentified
Decision: Reprimand, conditions
A Discipline Committee panel directed a teacher of the Peel District School Board to receive a reprimand for engaging in conduct unbecoming a member.
The member, who was certified to teach in March 2003, attended the August 31, 2015, hearing and was represented by legal counsel.
In May 2014, he physically moved a student out of his way.
He received a letter of discipline from his board and was required to attend anger management counselling and a classroom management course, which he did.
The Discipline Committee panel found the member guilty of professional misconduct and ordered that he appear before the panel to receive a reprimand immediately after the hearing.
In addition, he was directed to provide, within 30 days of the date of the hearing, a written confirmation from the course practitioner and the counselling provider that he successfully completed a classroom management course and anger management counselling.
In its written decision, members of the panel said, “The Committee finds that the course of instruction in classroom management and anger management counselling already completed by the member will assist in his rehabilitation.”
Member: Brent Douglas Ashley
Registration No: 492318
Decision: Revocation
A Discipline Committee panel revoked the teaching certificate of Brent Douglas Ashley, a teacher with the York Region District School Board, for an inappropriate and unprofessional personal relationship with a female student.
Certified to teach in June 2005, Ashley appeared by teleconference when the hearing began on November 2, 2011. He was present and represented by legal counsel when the hearing reconvened on June 18, 2012, and September 13, 2012.
The relationship between Ashley and the student at his school involved kissing, touching, oral sex and sexual intercourse. The activities took place between December 1, 2006, and September 16, 2007, at the school and/ or the member’s parents’ home and/or in the member’s vehicle.
At the Superior Court of Justice in Newmarket, Ashley was criminally convicted of one count of sexual exploitation and sentenced to 12 months in prison and two years probation on December 6, 2010.
The Discipline Committee panel found the member guilty of professional misconduct and that he sexually abused a student. The committee ordered that his Certificate of Qualification and Registration be revoked.
In its decision, the panel wrote, “The conduct of the member was unacceptable and in conflict with the duty of a teacher to protect students. The member, as a result of his conduct, has forfeited the privilege of holding a teaching certificate and being a member of the teaching profession.”
Member: Johana Beeharry, OCT
Registration No: 421515
Decision: Reprimand, conditions
A Discipline Committee panel directed Johana Beeharry, a teacher of the Toronto District School Board, to receive a reprimand for engaging in conduct unbecoming a member.
Beeharry, who was certified to teach in November 1998, attended the August 26, 2015, hearing and was represented by legal counsel.
The misconduct — which happened during the 2011–12 and 2012–13 school years — included using inappropriate language and behaviour toward students. For example, she told a student “I will tie you up to a chair to get you to work.” She also tossed a student onto the carpet and kicked a student.
Following the board’s investigation, Beeharry received a letter of discipline and was required to review the board policy regarding abuse and neglect of students, attend and provide proof of having completed the Behavioural Management System Training, visit a demonstration classroom for students with special needs, and complete anger management counselling.
After another incident occurred in May 2013, the board issued her a letter of discipline, suspended her for five days without pay, transferred her to another school, and required her to attend additional anger management sessions and two restorative practices training sessions.
The Discipline Committee panel found the member guilty of professional misconduct and ordered that she appear before the panel to receive a reprimand immediately after the hearing.
In addition, Beeharry was directed to provide, within 30 days of the date of the order, written confirmation from the course providers of her successful completion of the Behavioural Management System Training program, two restorative practices training sessions and anger management counselling, in a manner satisfactory to the Registrar.
In its written decision, members of the panel said, “The Committee is troubled that the member behaved aggressively towards her young students, and both physically and verbally abused three of those students.”
Member: Paul Chauvin, OCT
Registration No: 199564
Decision: Reprimand, conditions
A Discipline Committee panel reprimanded Paul Chauvin, a teacher at the Conseil scolaire de district des écoles catholiques du Sud-Ouest, for physically abusing a student.
Chauvin, who was certified to teach in June 1993, attended the hearing on November 6, 2012, and was represented by legal counsel.
In March 2009, Chauvin wrestled with a student when disciplining him in an effort to confiscate a sweatshirt that was not part of the school uniform. During the altercation, Chauvin “entered into physical contact” with the student who fell against the lockers in the school hallway. The confrontation was captured on the school’s electronic surveillance system.
The Discipline Committee panel found that the force used by the member against the student was excessive and constituted an element of misconduct. It found the member guilty of professional misconduct and ordered that he appear before the panel immediately after the hearing to be reprimanded.
Chauvin was also directed to successfully complete a course in anger management at his own expense within one year.
In its decision, the panel wrote, “As a teacher, it is the member’s duty to be aware of his responsibilities to the students and learn to manage a potentially explosive situation more effectively, without losing control of his emotions.”
Member: Francesco Ciraco
Registration No: 200974
Decision: Suspension, reprimand, conditions
A Discipline Committee panel suspended the certificate of Francesco Ciraco, a teacher at the Toronto Catholic District School Board, for sexually abusing a female colleague.
Ciraco, who was certified to teach in June 1995, attended the June 22, 2015, hearing and was represented by legal counsel.
In April 2009, during an elevator ride in the school, Ciraco told his colleague that she was beautiful and kissed her on the cheek. He then placed one hand on her right breast and cupped it. With the other hand, he squeezed her left buttock. He then bent over and kissed the exposed portion of her right breast.
His colleague immediately pushed him away as his actions were done without her consent.
Ciraco was found guilty of sexual assault in December 2010.
His board suspended him without pay for three days and transferred him to another school.
The Discipline Committee panel found Ciraco guilty of professional misconduct and ordered that his teaching certificate be suspended for six months and that he appear before the panel immediately after the hearing to receive a reprimand.
In addition, Ciraco was directed to complete a course of instruction in professional boundaries with colleagues and boundary violation issues at his own expense.
In its written decision, the panel said, “Publication with the name of the member identifies to the profession the serious nature of the member’s misconduct and the consequences of such behaviour.”
Member: John George Drynan
Registration No: 140672
Decision: Revocation
A Discipline Committee panel revoked the teaching certificate of retired teacher John George Drynan for possessing child pornography and receiving a criminal conviction for that crime.
Certified to teach in June 1972, Drynan did not attend the March 8, 2012, hearing, nor was he represented by legal counsel.
Drynan’s son was at the family home with his wife and daughter during the holiday season in 2010. He used Drynan’s computer to surf the Internet and when he entered a website into the search field, websites linked to child pornography popped up. He confronted Drynan and the member did not deny searching for child porn. Drynan’s son reported what he saw to police.
Drynan was criminally convicted of possession of child pornography and sentenced to 12 days in jail, to be served intermittently, and two years probation on May 6, 2011.
The Discipline Committee panel found the member guilty of professional misconduct and ordered that his Certificate of Qualification and Registration be revoked.
In its decision, the panel wrote, “Possession of child pornography is a crime against children and perpetuates a market which thrives on the abuse of children. The Committee finds that the member, by possessing child pornography and by being convicted of possession of child pornography, is not suitable to be in a position of trust and authority over children.”
Member: Paul André Dumais
Registration No: 443535
Decision: Revocation
A Discipline Committee panel revoked the teaching certificate of Paul André Dumais, a teacher at the Conseil des écoles publiques de l’Est de l’Ontario, in connection with a criminal conviction for possession of child pornography.
Dumais, who was certified to teach in May 2001, attended the November 23, 2011, hearing, but was not represented by legal counsel.
Dumais pleaded guilty to possessing child pornography in September 2010 and was sentenced to nine months in prison and one year of probation in January 2011. His peripheral computer devices had 170 pictures and 44 films of a pornographic nature depicting sexual activities involving intimate parts of the bodies of young girls.
The Discipline Committee panel found Dumais guilty of professional misconduct and ordered that his Certificate of Qualification and Registration be revoked.
In its decision, the panel wrote, “When the member decided to download these pictures and videos, he did indeed take part in the victimization of children — a serious crime. Through his downloading of these images, he was encouraging a market that promotes the abuse of children and indeed puts all children in danger.”
Member: Joseph Kingsley Eyiah, OCT
Registration No: 431213
Decision: Reprimand, conditions
A Discipline Committee panel reprimanded Toronto District School Board teacher Joseph Kingsley Eyiah for inappropriate conduct.
Eyiah, who was certified to teach in October 2000, attended the public hearing on June 10, 2015, with his legal counsel.
During the 2008–09 academic year, he made repeated inappropriate comments to female students. The panel also heard that he touched a female student on her back and shoulder and, on one occasion, put his arm around one student, which made her feel uncomfortable and frightened. He also patted one student on her shoulder, which made her feel awkward.
The panel found the member guilty of professional misconduct and ordered him to appear before it immediately following the hearing to receive a reprimand. He was also required to successfully complete, at his own expense, a pre-approved course on appropriate boundaries and boundary violation issues and effective oral communication.
In its decision, the panel said, “The courses that the member is required to take will clarify and reinforce for the member the need to maintain appropriate professional conduct.”
Member: Stephan Gillet
Registration No: 263689
Decision: Suspension, reprimand
A Discipline Committee panel suspended the teaching certificate of Stephan Gillet for accepting thousands of dollars in reimbursements from his school board for teaching and learning materials and a television that were not found at his school.
Gillet, a former principal in the Conseil scolaire de district catholique Centre-Sud, was certified to teach in June 1995. He did not attend the November 23, 2011, hearing, nor was he represented by legal counsel.
From December 2006 to September 2007, Gillet accepted reimbursements from the school board for $8,521.40 for teaching and learning materials and $911.99 for a television. The items were not located at the school. He submitted a final invoice for $1,749.65 for materials that have not been located. He had not been reimbursed for that amount.
Solution Tree confirmed that it had not issued the invoices submitted to the board for textbook purchases. ISBN numbers on the invoices submitted by Gillet did not correspond to textbooks.
The school board terminated Gillet’s employment on November 28, 2007. In a letter that same day, the member agreed to pay back the board $9,433.39 within 24 months. The board did not receive funds from the member.
The Discipline Committee panel found the member guilty of professional misconduct and ordered that his teaching certificate be suspended for 1½ years and that he receive a reprimand.
In its decision, the panel wrote, “As a principal of a school, he occupied a position of trust and power and he abused his situation and his authority regardless.”
Member: Joseph Georges Yves Lafortune
Registration No: 513274
Decision: Revocation
A Discipline Committee panel revoked the teaching certificate of Joseph Georges Yves Lafortune in connection with criminal convictions for the sexual touching of four girls and possession of child pornography.
Lafortune, a teacher in the Conseil scolaire des écoles catholiques du Centre-Est, was certified to teach in July 2007. He did not attend the November 12, 2012, hearing, nor was he represented by legal counsel.
Lafortune pleaded guilty to the sexual touching of four girls under the ages of 14 and 16 in December 2010, and to possession of an extensive collection of child pornography in March 2011. He was sentenced to 54 months in prison for the charges in April 2011.
The Discipline Committee panel found Lafortune guilty of professional misconduct and ordered his Certificate of Qualification and Registration be revoked.
In its decision, the panel wrote, “The member’s conduct is considered repugnant both by members of the teaching profession and by the public.”
Member: Not identified
Decision: Counselling, conditions
A Discipline Committee panel counselled a teacher at the Algonquin and Lakeshore Catholic District School Board for failing to display appropriate sensitivity to the special needs of a student.
The member, who was certified to teach in June 1985, attended the hearing on July 18, 2011. She was represented by legal counsel.
During the 2009–10 school year, the member taught a male student with an executive function learning disability at a Belleville school. Her inappropriate conduct included telling the student that he would fail if he did not do his French work and sometimes failing to provide him with help when he requested it. She was inattentive to his Individual Education Plan and distributed treats to other students that were not peanut or nut safe knowing that he had a severe peanut/nut allergy.
She also repeatedly told the student in a raised voice: “Stop shaking your head at me.” The school board suspended her for three days for this January 5, 2010, incident.
The Discipline Committee panel found the member guilty of professional misconduct and ordered that she appear before the panel immediately after the hearing to be counselled. The member was also directed to successfully complete a course of instruction on professional boundaries and student sensitivities at her own expense within 90 days.
In its decision, the panel wrote, “The counselling of the member by her peers in respect of her inappropriate conduct serves to reinforce the necessity to maintain appropriate student/teacher boundaries. The counselling will further remind the member to uphold the standards of the profession and not to engage in professional misconduct.”
Member: Not identified
Decision: Suspension, reprimand, conditions
A Discipline Committee panel suspended the certificate of an Ottawa-Carleton District School Board teacher for violating student-teacher boundaries.
The member, who was certified to teach in October 2000, did not attend the hearing on June 26, 2015, but was represented by legal counsel.
From the 2007 to 2010 academic years, her conduct was not what was expected from a member of the teaching profession. For example:
She was suspended by the board without pay for 15 days, and a letter of discipline was added to her employee file.
The Discipline Committee panel found the member guilty of professional misconduct and ordered that her teaching certificate be suspended for 90 days. She was also directed to appear before the panel to receive a reprimand.
The panel ordered that she successfully complete, at her own expense, a course of instruction on professional boundaries.
In its written decision, the committee panel stated that “The committee is concerned with the member’s inability to establish appropriate professional boundaries in her relationships with student No. 1, student No. 2 and student No. 3.”
Member: Gilbert Ignatios (Ian) McIntyre
Registration No: 245962
Decision: Suspension, reprimand
A Discipline Committee panel suspended the teaching certificate of Gilbert Ignatios (Ian) McIntyre for repeatedly sexually harassing a new teacher and using his senior position at the school to pursue a relationship with her.
McIntyre, a former teacher with the Toronto District School Board, was certified to teach in June 1974. He was present at his hearing on January 27, 2010, but did not attend, nor was he represented by legal counsel at his hearing on July 26, 2010.
During the 2001–02 school year, McIntyre acted in an inappropriate manner toward a first-year probationary teacher. He frequently entered and disrupted her classroom. He pursued an unwanted kiss, by forcing himself on her at her home. He discredited her spouse and encouraged her to leave him. He used a false pretext — that he had important staffing information relevant to her — to lure her to have coffee with him, and then gave her a “love poem.” She stated in her testimony she felt threatened by the member and that he was stalking her.
McIntyre was dismissed by the school board on May 2, 2003.
The Discipline Committee panel found the member guilty of professional misconduct and ordered that his Certificate of Qualification and Registration be suspended for three months and that he receive a reprimand.
In its decision, the panel wrote, “The Committee considers unprofessional interactions between colleagues as serious. In view of the power imbalance between the member and [colleague], the Committee finds this ongoing sexual harassment by the member even more egregious.”
Member: Amy Louise Mullins
Registration No: 418058
Decision: Revocation
A Discipline Committee panel revoked the teaching certificate of Amy Louise Mullins for the sexual abuse of a student and other acts of professional misconduct.
Mullins, a former high school teacher with the Simcoe Muskoka Catholic District School Board, was certified to teach in June 1998. The hearing took place January 18–20, January 25–26, February 7–9, May 25–26, May 30–31, June 9 and September 20–21 in 2011, and on March 8, 2012. She attended all the hearing dates and was represented by legal counsel.
From 2001–03, Mullins had a sexual relationship with a male student. She allowed students in her care to engage in sexual acts. She placed herself in a compromising situation in hotel rooms. She provided, paid for and tolerated alcohol consumption while students were in her care. She continued contact with a student even after forbidden to do so by his parents. She allowed students to stay at her home without their parents’ knowledge or approval. She shared a hotel bed with male students in various states of undress.
The school board suspended Mullins in December 2006.
The Discipline Committee panel found Mullins guilty of professional misconduct and ordered that her Certificate of Qualification and Registration be revoked.
Mullins filed a Notice of Appeal to the Ontario Divisional Court on June 4, 2012. The appeal was dismissed on April 22, 2014.
In its decision, the Discipline Committee panel wrote: “The nature of the misconduct demanded the most serious of penalties. The misconduct was so extreme in its nature and of such reprehension that revocation was the only acceptable penalty.” Revocation ensures that the member “not be under any illusion about the impact of her behaviour on those who she has harmed, and the damage to the honour of the profession.”
General deterrence is achieved by publication with the member’s name, the panel said. “The profession in general needs to know what happens when members lose their moral compass and ignore the expectations of ethical behaviour rightly placed on them by society and their peers.”
In conclusion, the panel wrote, “The member’s behaviour was more than just unfortunate, it was egregious and well beneath the standards of the profession or for that matter, anybody entrusted with the care and guidance of children and young people.”
Member: Not identified
Decision: Reprimand, conditions
A Discipline Committee panel reprimanded a former teacher at Algoma District School Board for having a pattern of unprofessional behaviour.
The member, who was certified to teach in June 2002, attended the public hearing on June 8, 2015, with his legal counsel.
In 2013, he did not perform his duties while teaching at his school. One incident involved sending the only student in his classroom to the library to be supervised by another teacher. The second incident involved the member using a computer in the staff workroom when he was supposed to be on hall duty. The final incident involved a student being assaulted in the classroom while the member was outside of the classroom door talking to another teacher.
In 2014, the member voluntarily completed a course in classroom management.
The panel found the member guilty of professional misconduct and ordered him to appear before it immediately following the hearing to receive a reprimand. It also directed the member to successfully complete, at his own expense, within 90 days of commencing employment where a Certificate of Qualification and Registration is required, a pre-approved course on classroom management.
Member: Donovan Anthony Patterson, OCT
Registration No: 196605
Decision: Reprimand, conditions
A Discipline Committee panel reprimanded Donovan Anthony Patterson, a former vice-principal from the DufferinPeel Catholic District School Board, for using board funds for his personal use.
Neither Patterson, who was certified to teach in June 1994, nor his legal counsel attended the public hearing on October 3, 2014.
The panel heard that in 2012 he had misappropriated board funds when he used the board procurement credit card for personal use on seven occasions.
The board suspended the member with pay pending its investigation. Patterson subsequently resigned from his employment with the board after he provided a certified cheque of $561.51 in order to compensate it for the funds used for personal use.
The panel found the member guilty of professional misconduct and ordered him to appear before it within six months of the date of the hearing to receive a reprimand.
It also directed the member to successfully complete, at his own expense, a pre-approved course on ethical behaviour. Patterson needs to successfully complete this course within three months of the hearing date or prior to seeking or engaging in employment where a Certificate of Qualification and Registration is required, whichever is later.
He was also directed not to assume any financial responsibilities in any employment where a certificate is required for a period of two years following the completion of the course.
In its decision, the panel said, “The member abused his powers as an administrator by accessing the board’s procurement credit card for his personal use on several occasions.”
Member: Unidentified
Decision: Reprimand
A Discipline Committee panel directed a teacher of the Peel District School Board to receive a reprimand for failure to properly supervise his students.
The member, who was certified to teach in April 1982, attended the August 24, 2015, hearing and was represented by legal counsel.
In February 2012, he failed to adequately supervise five of his students on a neighbourhood walk, during which time, unbeknownst to the member, inappropriate sexual interactions took place between some of his students.
He received a letter of discipline from his board.
The Discipline Committee panel found the member guilty of professional misconduct and ordered that he appear before it to receive a reprimand immediately after the hearing.
In its written decision, members of the panel said, “The Committee accepts that the member’s failure to supervise some of his students, on the occasion in question, was an isolated incident.”
Member: Michael Grant Slater
Registration No: 311476
Decision: Revocation
A Discipline Committee panel revoked the teaching certificate of Michael Grant Slater, a former teacher employed by the Carleton Board of Education and/or the Ottawa-Carleton District School Board for sexually abusing two male students.
Slater, who was certified to teach in June 1965, did not attend the public hearing on August 24, 2015, nor was he represented by legal counsel.
Between September 1968 and June 1984, Slater committed sexual offences against two male students while he was a teacher at the students’ school. In 2014, he was found guilty of one count of indecent assault, three counts of gross indecency and one count of buggery. He was sentenced to three years incarceration.
The panel found him guilty of professional misconduct and directed the Registrar to revoke his Certificate of Qualification and Registration.
In its written decision, the panel said, “The member’s conduct has also adversely impacted the public’s trust in the teaching profession as not only did the member prey on children, but he used his classroom as a ‘hunting ground.’”
Member: Yves Étienne Tourigny, OCT
Registration No: 482309
Decision: Reprimand, conditions
A Discipline Committee panel reprimanded Yves Étienne Tourigny, a teacher at the Conseil des écoles publiques de l’Est de l’Ontario, for inappropriate conduct with four female students at his school.
Tourigny, who was certified to teach in August 2004, attended the hearing on December 16, 2008. He was represented by legal counsel.
Tourigny admitted that he engaged in inappropriate conduct during the 2004–05 school year. The interactions included sending an email to one student, writing that she and another female student were granted more privileges because they were pretty, nice and quiet in the classroom. He jokingly told another student that if she didn’t wear her long hair down, he would give her a detention.
The Discipline Committee panel found the member guilty of professional misconduct and ordered that he appear before it after the hearing to receive a reprimand.
Tourigny was also directed to complete the Knowing Barriers, Respecting Limits – Module 1 course at his own expense within six months.
In its decision, the panel wrote, “The member’s conduct with regard to the contraventions alleged against and admitted by him was highly inappropriate. He abused his position of authority and trust towards the parents and students.”
Member: Jacques Tremblay
Registration No: 218079
Decision: Admonishment, undertaking
A Discipline Committee panel admonished former College member Jacques Tremblay for conduct unbecoming a member.
Tremblay, who was certified to teach in June 1994, did not attend the public hearings on January 26 and July 7, 2015, nor was he represented by legal counsel.
Tremblay co-authored the novel The Sexteens and the Fake Goddess. the book, published in 2008, contains sexualized content and sexualized, negative and stereotypical descriptions of characters playing the role of high school students, teachers and educational administrators.
In October 2011, an article by a journalist expressing his opinion on the novel created controversy in the school community.
Tremblay submitted his resignation as a College member in 2014.
The panel found the member guilty of professional misconduct and directed that he receive a written admonishment from the panel. The panel also directed that the College public registry state that he undertakes to refrain from occupying again any position requiring a Certificate of Qualification and Registration from the College, and to never seek reinstatement of his certificate.
In its decision, the panel said, “Although the characters in his novel are fictional, the public’s perception of a member of the College who describes sexual scenes involving young students is extremely negative. The novel did in fact stir up controversy in the school community, which resulted in a harmful image of the teaching profession and its members.”
Member: William Robert Wallace
Registration No: 102837
Decision: Revocation
A Discipline Committee panel revoked the Certificate of Qualification and Registration of William Robert Wallace, a former teacher at the Carleton Board of Education, for sexually assaulting a student.
Licensed to teach in June 1974, Wallace did not attend the hearing on May 1, 2015. He was represented by legal counsel.
The panel heard that in August 1984, while attending a party at the home of the student’s parents, Wallace committed a sexual assault after he asked to stay overnight to avoid driving home after drinking.
He was arrested the following morning and, in December 1984, was found guilty of sexual assault, sentenced to a conditional discharge and placed on three years probation.
The Discipline Committee panel found Wallace guilty of professional misconduct and directed the Registrar to revoke his Certificate of Qualification and Registration.
In its written decision, the panel said, “The sexual assault of a student represents the most egregious breach of trust by a person in a position of trust and authority over a student.”
Copies of the full decisions are available at oct-oeeo.ca/decisions.